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Biochemistry
Enzymes
Carbohydrats
Metabolism and Bioenergetics
Lipids

Biochemistry
Enzymes
Carbohydrats
Metabolism and Bioenergetics
Lipids

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Structure of the Heme Prosthetic Group

Amino acids and Proteins Proteins + Structure of the Heme Prosthetic Group

Amino acids and Proteins Proteins Structure of the Heme Prosthetic Group

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Factors that Affect Denaturation Proteins

Amino acids and Proteins +1 Factors that Affect Denaturation Proteins Proteins

Amino acids and Proteins Factors that Affect Denaturation Proteins Proteins

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Denaturation of Proteins

Amino acids and Proteins Denaturation of Proteins + Proteins

Amino acids and Proteins Denaturation of Proteins Proteins

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Proteins

Amino acids +0 Proteins

Amino acids Proteins

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Peptides

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Amino acids Peptides

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Amino Acids

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Amino acids Amino acids and Proteins

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Lipoproteins

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Lipids Lipoproteins

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Lipid Storage Diseases

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Lipid Storage Diseases Lipids

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Biosynthesis of Cholesterol

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Biosynthesis of Cholesterol Lipids

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Regulation of Oxidation of Fatty Acids

Lipids +0 Regulation of Oxidation of Fatty Acids

Lipids Regulation of Oxidation of Fatty Acids

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Structure of the Heme Prosthetic Group

Structure of the Heme Prosthetic Group Heme is the O2 – binding molecule common to Mb and Hb protophorphyrin IX is the backbone of heme when iron is complexed with protophorphyrin IX it is called Heme. So heme is the prosthetic group in Hemoglobin, Myoglobin and Cytochrome b, c, and c1. The Fe – porphyrin prosthetic group is, with the exception of two propionate groups, hydrophobic and planar. Heme become an integral part of the globin proteins during poly peptide synthesis. It is the heme molecule that give globin proteins their characteristic red brown colour. Once the Fe2+ (Ferrious) is incorporated, the protein is called hemoglobin. Such structural coordination creates an environment essential for Globin to bind and release O2. If the iron atom were to become oxidized to Fe3+(Ferric), the Globin would get changed to metmyoglobin or (Met hemoglobin) where heme can no longer interact with O2 and O2 transport is compromised. Fig 5.21: Structure of the heme pr...

Factors that Affect Denaturation Proteins

Factors that Affect Denaturation Proteins Denaturing agents 1. physical factors Temperature, pressure, mechanical shear force, ultrasonic vibration and ionizing radiation causes the protein to lose its biological activity. 2. chemical factors Acids and alkalis, organic solvents (actone, ethanol), detergents (cleaning agents), certain amides urea, guandidine hydrochloride, alkaloids, and heavy metal salts (Hg, Cu, Ba, Zn, Cd…) Cause the denaturation. Properties of a Denatured Protein A. an increase in number of reactive and functional group in the composition of the native protein molecule ( side chain group of amino acids, COOH, NH2, SH, OH … etc) B. Reduced solubility and pronounced propensity for precipitation this occurs due to loss of the hydration shell and the unfolding of protein molecules with concomitant exposure of hydrophobic radicals and neutralization of charged polar groups. C. Configurational ...

Lipoproteins

Lipoproteins Plasma lipids contain triacylglycerols, cholesterol and other polar lipids.Lipids combined with apolipoproteins to form Lipoproteins. Based on their density they are classified into four subgroups: Chylomicrons: These are derived from intestinal absorption of triacylglycerols and other lipids and have a very short lifespan. They have the least density and richly consist TAG. Chylomicrons transport dietary triacylglycerols and cholesterol from the intestine to the liver for metabolism. VLDL (very low density lipoproteins): These are synthesized in the liver and used to transport triacylglycerols from the liver to extrahepatic tissues. LDL (Low density lipoproteins): These are produced from the final stage in the catabolism of VLDL. They transport cholesterol synthesized in the liver to peripheral tissues. LDL is metabolized via the LDLreceptorApproximately 30% of the LDL is degraded in extra hepatic tissues, rest is degrade...

Enzymes

Enzymes Body proteins perform a large number of functions. One such unique function is, they act as biological catalysts (Enzymes) .They are responsible for highly complex reactions. They direct the metabolic events and exhibit specificity toward substrates, regulate the entire metabolism. Thus, they play key role in the degradation and synthesis of nutrients, biomolecules etc. The most important diagnostic procedures involves assay of enzymes. They assist to know damaged tissues, the extent of tissue damage, helps to monitor the course of the disease and used as a therapeutic means of diagnosing a vast array of diseases.

Classification of Enzymes

Classification of Enzymes Enzymes are classified on the basis of the reactions they catalyze- Each enzyme is assigned a four-digit classification number and a systematic name, which identifies the reaction catalyzed. The international union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology developed a system of nomenclature on which enzymes are divided in to six major classes, each with numerous sub groups. Enzymes are classified based on the reactions they catalyze. Each enzyme is characterized by a code number comprising four digits separated by points. The four digits characterize class, sub-class, sub-sub-class, and serial number of a particular enzyme. Class I. Oxidoreducatases Enzymes catalyzing oxidation reduction reactions. Example: Lactate-dehydrogenase 1- Lactic acid + NAD+ Pyruvic acid + NADH+H+ Class II. Transferases: Enzymes catalyzing a transfer of a group other than hydrogen (methyl, acyl, amino or phosphate groups) Example: Enzymes catal...

Amino acids and Proteins

Amino acids and Proteins Living systems are made up of Proteins .They are the dehydration polymers of amino acids. Each amino acid residue is joined by a peptide linkage to form proteins. Proteins are the molecular instruments in which genetic information is expressed, Hormones, Antibodies, transporters, the lens protein, the architectural framework of our tissues and a myriad of substances having distinct biological activities are derived. The type, nature and number of amino acids impart characteristic properties to the proteins. There are about 300 amino acids, but only 20 are coded by DNA of higher organisms. Acid base properties of amino acids are important to the individual physical and chemical nature of the protein. The structural organization of proteins could be primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary. The three dimensional structure is the most biologically active one. The unfolding and disorganization of the proteins results in denaturation, the process is most...

Lipids

Lipids The bulk of the living matter is made up of Lipids, carbohydrates and proteins. Lipids are water insoluble, but can be extracted with non-polar solvents like Benzene, methanol, or ether. Some lipids act as storage molecules for example triglycerides stored in adipose tissue. Transport forms of lipids (Lipoproteins),are present in combination with proteins Building blocks of lipids are fatty acids. Some lipids like cholesterol lack fatty acids but are potentially related to them. Lipids are constituents of cell membrane and act as hydrophobic barrier that permits the entry/exit of certain molecules. Lipids carry fat soluble vitamins and form special biomolecules. Lipid imbalance can lead to serious diseases like obesity and atherosclerosis. Break down of fatty acid produce energy, excessive breakdown cause ketosis, ketoacidosis, coma and death. Cholesterol level in blood is controlled by several regulatory mechanisms. Such information is applied in the treatment ...

Hormones

Hormones Hormones are chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands and specific tissues. They reach distant organs and stimulate or inhibit the function. They play important role in carrying messages to the various organs. They form part of a signaling system. Hormones are synthesized in one tissue, secreted in to blood, transported as mobile messengers .When they reach target tissue, they exhibit their actions. Defect in the secretion, function, metabolism can lead to various diseases.

Denaturation of Proteins

Denaturation of Proteins Proteins have finite lifetimes. They are also subject to environmental damages like oxidation proteolysis, denaturation and other irreversible modifications. Denaturation involves the destruction of the higher level structural organization (20 , 30 and 40 ) of protein with the retention of the primary structure by denaturing agents. A denatured protein loses its native physico-chemical and biological properties since the bonds that stabilize the protein are broken down. Thus the polypeptide chain unfolds itself and remain in solution in the unfolded state. The denatured protein may retain its biological activity by refolding (renaturing) when the denaturing agent is removed. Fig 5.20: Denaturation of proteins

Lipid Storage Diseases

Lipid Storage Diseases Lipid storage diseases are also called as sphingolipidosis. They are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes found in lysosomes .When the degradation is impaired; sphingolipids accumulate in the tissues. 1. Nieman-pick disease Sphingomyelin accumulates in brain, liver and spleen .The condition is due to deficiency of sphingomyelinase .Patient suffers from mental retardation and early death. 2. Gaucher’s disease. Glucocerebroside accumulates in liver, spleen, brain and bone marrow, due to the deficiency of glucocerebrosidase .Patient suffers from mental retardation. 3. Tay-Sach’s disease. Hexoseaminidase is absent as a result gangliosides accumulate in brain, spleen and retina. Patient suffers from demyelination. Cerebral degeneration, mental retardation and early death. Fatty Liver: Excess accumulation triglycerides in liver causes fatty liver,Liver cirossis and failure of liver function. Causes are:...

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March 202036

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Lipids10 Amino acids and Proteins5 Proteins5 Amino acids4 Enzymes3 Carbohydrates2 Hormones2 Integrative Metabolism and Bioenergetics2 Molecular Biology2 Vitamins and Minerals2

Active site1 Biosynthesis of Cholesterol1 Catalytic efficiency1 Chemistry of Carbohydrates1 Cholesterol1 Classification of Enzymes1 Denaturation of Proteins1 Effect of Competitive inhibitors1 Energy Generation and Utilization in the Living System1 Enzyme Inhibition1 Enzyme turnover number1 Enzymes in Clinical Diagnosis1 Factors that Affect Denaturation Proteins1 Fatty Acids1 Function of Glycosammoglycans. (GAGS)1 Glycolysis1 Hydrolases1 Inhibition of Enzyme Catalyzed Reactions1 Integrative1 Irreversible Inhibition1 Isoenzymes1 Isomerases1 Isozymes1 Ligases or synthetases1 Lipid Storage Diseases1 Lipoproteins1 Lyases1 Metabolism.Bioenergetics1 Nature of Enzymes1 Non-Competitive Inhibition1 Order of Reaction1 Oxidoreducatases1 Peptides1 Properties of Enzyme1 REVERSIBLE INHIBITION1 Regulation of Oxidation of Fatty Acids1 Regulation of enzyme activity1 Regulation. Specificity1 Structure of Lipids1 Structure of the Heme Prosthetic Group1 Transferases1 Triacylglycerols1 Uncompetitive Inhibition1 Zymogens1

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